John e



J. R. WHITNEY.-

CHILL FOR CASTINGGAR WHEELS.

Patented Nov. 16, 41886.

(NoModel.)

(No Model.) 2 sheetsneet 2.A

J. R.WHITNEY.`

Y GHILL FOR GASTING 'GAR WHEELS. l No. 352,793; Patented Nov. 16,1886.

wf/WWW@ the arrangement of the chill therein.

UNITED STATES PATENT CHILL Foe CASTING CAR-WHEELS.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 352,793, dated November 1.6,' 1886.

Application filed February 13, 1886. Serial No. 191,793. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern.:

Beit known that-I, JOHN R. WHITNEY, a citizen of the United States, residing in Radnor township, Delaware county, and State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Ohills for Casting Oar- Wheels, of which the following is a specification.

The object of my invention is to secure chilled car-wheels ofi-uniform circumference, although cast from metal of varying tempers, perfect in roundness, chilled to uniform depth in all parts of the tread, and free from pimples and blotches at the root of the flange. These objects I effect by casting the wheels against chills of practically-uniform density throughout, and so constructed as to contract in diameter by the action of the heat of the molten metal alone, as fully set forthhereinafter. Wheels cast in chills so constructed are not so liable to be affected by differences in the temper ofthe metal as in chills of the ordinary construction, and the chillproduced is very much harderand more durable.

My invention further consists in constructing the chill and combining it with the drag and cope, as fully set forth hereinafter, and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in

whichf Figure 1 is a sectional plan of an improved chill constructed to carry out my invention. Fig. 2 is a vertical section of a flask, showing Fig. 3

is an edge View of the chill. Fig. 2i is a plan of the chill commonly used. Fig. 5 is atrans-` f verse section of the chill shown in Fig. 4.

' with trunnions or handles,as shown in Figs.

4. and 5. At other times the chills have cousisted of rings to which are lbolted an inner v facing or lining composed of separate pieces in close proximity. In other cases the chill has consisted of a hollow ring with radial and vertical sections, which are made to, expand and contract by alternate currents of water and steam through the hollow ring.

' In the ordinary chills above named the parts ent thicknesses at different points in the circumference, and, owing to this and other feaconstituting the chilling-surface are of differtures of the construction, the density of the metal varies atdifferent points of the chillingv surface. in thickness, as illustrated in'Figs. 4 and 5, the central portion is always much more open than the outer edges, and this inequality of texture is increased atintervals wherever there are projections, such as are formed by the trunnions a and lugs b. As a consequence, when the molten metal is poured into the mold, the chill does not expand equally at all points,

4and so remains in contact with the wheel longer at some points than at others, and thus produces a deeper chill Wherever the contact is most prolonged. This effect is increased if the flask is out of level or the chill is unequally exposed to currents of air, &c.

nal shape,so that the Wheels produced in it after a time becomemore or less out of round. As

Thus in a chill of an inch and a halfl This unequal and irregular expansion of the chill is very Yapt to result in permanently altering its origithe inner surface of the ring is firstheated and tends to expand before the outer portion can yield, the said inner surface also soon becomes disintegrated and loses its original smoothness of'nish.

A Another difficulty resultingfrom the eml ployment of chills ofthe ordinary construction the use of a chill of a particular form and partly by constructing the chill, Whatever may be its form, so that all parts of the chillingsurface shall be of the same or nearly the same density, for I lhave discovered that when the chilling-surface is of uniform or nearly uniform density the chill produced is more likely to be of uniform depth, and this discovery has enabled me to secure uniform results 'by a proper construction of the chill.

ICO

One means of making the chill so as to secure the uniform or nearly uniform density of the chilling-surface consists in constructing it of parts substantially uniform and not exceeding one inch in thickness, and preferably very much less, so that when cast there will be no undue strains, tending to condense some parts more than others. Thus, instead of making the chill in the form of a ring of one and a half inch or more in thickness, and with projections at some portion, as illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5, I construct the chill with two rings, A B, each of about ve-eighths or threefourths of an inch in thickness, connected by webs, the inner ring, A, being ofuniform thickness throughout its entire extent, while the webs c, which connect the inner to the outer ring, are no thicker than the inner ring. I

. have found by actual experiment that a chill- `ing-surface of iive-eighths of aninch thickness is amply sufficient to produce deep and' uniform chills on the Wheel if kept in contact with the tread until solid. This uniformity in the thickness of the rings and webs insures a practical uniformity of density in the chilling-surface of the ring A. The outer ring, B, is preferably made of the same thickness and entirely without trunnions or lugs, so that when the chill is heated all the parts4 will expand simultaneously and regularly. l

To increase the efficiency of thetinner ring, A, it is separated into sections by narrow slots or kerfs s, extending radially into the openings g/ between the webs c, so that each section is free to expand when heated by the molten metal of the inclosed Wheel without its surface being compressed, while the expansion of all the sections and their supporting-Webs causes the contraction of the inner diameter of the chill and keeps the chilling-surface in close and equal contact with the wheel at all points as long as the chilling effects are needed. While the inner ring is thus kept in contact with the wheel-the outer ring can be maintained in a nearly cool condition, so as to maintain the general shape and dimensions of the chill, by the natural passage of air through the openings y across the narrow webs c, the chill projecting beyond the cope and drag, so that the air can ow freely to and upward through and from said openings outside ofthe cope and drag.

Heretofore, when the inner face of the chill has been divided by radial slots, the latter have by arranging thin sheets of asbestus in the mold, so as to separate the metal in the process of casting, the asbestus forming cores much thinner than the smallest kerf that can be cut by saws or other tools available for such purposes, or that can be made by strips of iron or other materials used as cores. By this means I am enabled to separate the sections by spaces not exceeding one one-hundredth part of an inch in width, if required, thus allowing room for the requisite expansion of the sections and consequent contraction of the chill, and yet preventing the irregularities in the casting otherwise resulting.

The arrangement of the chill in respect to the drag T and cope G is illustrated in Fig. 2, where it will be seen that the parts occupy such relative positions that the air can pass freely and naturally upward through the openings y, thus preserving the outer ring at such a low temperature as .to prevent the alteration in the form and dimensions of the chill which would otherwise occur.

When the molten metal is brought in coutact with the ordinary chill, it is found that it begins to heat the same and expand it; but. as soon as the metal solidifies it also itself eX- pands, so as to remain in eontactwith the chill, until the solidiiication of the surface is complete, after which it immediately begins to contract, while the chill itself, if constructed as usual, continues to expand. constructed in the ordinary manner, a constantly increasing separation between the wheel and the chill thus takes place. But in the construction of the chill above described the outer ring, B, remains cold and does not expand; but the heating of the ring A andthe webs c causes the expansion of these parts, and the sections of the ring are moved inward, thus maintaining the chilling-surface in contact with the metal until the latter has become thoroughly hardened and deeply chilled. The chill thus constructed may be used in connection with the sprinkling apparatus shown in Letters Patent N o. 258,182, issued to me, whereby the effects above described are much increased; but whether the sprinkling apparatus be used or the natural draft of the air alone be depended upon for keeping the outer ring of the chill at a low temperature, the` effect is to produce wheels of substantially uniform circumference regardless of the temper of the metal, inasmuch as the varia-H` tions in the length of time with which the metal is in contact with the chilling-surface can have no effect in changing the size of the outer ring, which serves as a tixed abutment, from which the sections of the ring may eX- pand, and thus con tract the inner diameter of the chill.

In order to permit the chill to be readily lifted, I prefer to provide the outer ring with a fiange, d, which extends completely around the periphery, but which does not materially affect the densityof the chilling-surface of the inner ring or section of the chill. This flange serves as a means of seizing the chill by the grapples when it has to be moved, and has the If the chill is IOO IIS

further advantage of permitting the chill to be easily rolled from place to place, which cannot be done when it is providedwith trunnions.

The slots s may be vertical; or they may extend diagonally, in which case the web c should also be diagonal; or the webs maybe horizontal, supporting annular sections divided by horizontal slots. Theother forms of -chill to which reference has been made cannot be made in one casting. They are much morecomplicated in their parts, and more costly to produce, operate, and maintain than those above described.

I do not here claim the manufacture of slotted chills by the use of thin blades or cores of refractory material, as this forms the subject of separate application for' Letters Patent, and although I have specially referred to chills for making car-wheels, my invention is applicable to chills for casting various other objects, such as chilled rolls, plows, 85e.

Without limiting myself to the precise construction and arrangement of parts shown, I claim- 1. A chill consisting of an outer and an inner ring or plate, the latter being divided into segments or sections by the process of casting,

- and the segments .connected by webs with the outer ring or plate, all the parts being of such thickness as to be of equal or nearly equal density throughout, and all forming together one complete and undivided casting, substantially as set forth.

2. A chill consisting of an outer ring, an inner ring or plate divided into 'sections of uniform thickness throughout, and of one or more connecting-webs between @ach inner section and the outer ring, all formed in one cornplete casting, substantially as set forth.

3 A chill consisting of a solid continuous casting, with its chil1ing-surface separated into segments or sections by the process of casting, and having air-passageswhereby the heat alone of the molten metal poured into the chill will .45

ring and connecting-webs, the outer ring hav ing an unobstructed circular periphery, for

the purpose described.

6. A chill provided with an outer ring, and an inner ring composed of sections supported by webs, with intervening slots less than onesixteenth of an inch in width, all formed in' one complete casting, for thepurpose described.

7. The c0mbination,`in' a molding-flask, of a cope, drag, and of a chill consisting 'of an inner and an outer ring connected by webs arranged to forni openings y, arranged so as to permit upward drafts of air to pass without articial or mechanical aid of any kind, substantially as set forth.

8. The` combination of the cope, drag, and the chill having vertical openings between its inner and outer rings, arranged with the said openings beyond the outer faces of the cope and drag, substantially as described.

In testimony whereof I have signed myname to this specification in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

JOHN'R. WHITNEY. Witnesses:

WALTER S. GIBSON, WM. A. REDDING. 

